Seasonal and food allergies are caused by the body’s immune system reacting to substances that are usually harmless to most people. These reactions are due to the immune system mistakenly identifying these substances, known as allergens, as harmful invaders. The causes and mechanisms behind seasonal and food allergies, while sharing common ground in immune system response, differ in the types of allergens involved and the way the body interacts with them.

Seasonal Allergies

Seasonal allergies, also known as allergic rhinitis or hay fever, are triggered by allergens found in the environment at certain times of the year. Common triggers include:

• Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds: This is the most common cause of seasonal allergies. Pollen counts tend to be higher during specific seasons, depending on the plant type. For instance, tree pollen is more prevalent in the spring, grass pollen in the late spring and summer, and weed pollen in the fall.
• Mold spores: These can be released into the air during warmer months and can cause allergic reactions.
• Dust mites and pet dander: While these are year-round allergens, they can cause symptoms similar to seasonal allergies and may worsen during specific times of the year due to changes in indoor environment conditions.

The immune system of individuals with seasonal allergies mistakes these normally harmless substances for dangerous invaders and releases chemicals such as histamine to combat them, leading to allergy symptoms.

Food Allergies

Food allergies occur when the immune system reacts to a specific food or component of food as though it were a threat. The most common food allergens include:

• Peanuts and tree nuts
• Milk
• Eggs
• Fish and shellfish
• Wheat
• Soy

When a person with a food allergy eats the offending food, their immune system identifies a protein in the food as harmful and mounts an immune response. This can result in symptoms ranging from mild (such as hives, itching, or gastrointestinal discomfort) to severe (such as anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction that requires immediate medical attention).

Common Mechanisms

Both seasonal and food allergies involve an overreaction of the immune system to substances that it identifies as threats. This leads to the production of antibodies, specifically Immunoglobulin E (IgE), which are designed to fight off the perceived invaders. The release of IgE triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals, causing the symptoms associated with allergic reactions.

While the specific triggers differ, the underlying cause of these allergies is a hypersensitive immune response. Genetic factors, environmental exposure, and possibly even early dietary exposures can influence the development of allergies. In recent years, theories such as the hygiene hypothesis have also suggested that reduced exposure to infections during childhood may increase susceptibility to allergies by not allowing the immune system to develop tolerance to harmless substances.

The symptoms of seasonal and food allergies can vary widely in their severity and specific manifestations. Here’s a breakdown of common symptoms associated with each type of allergy:

Seasonal Allergies

Symptoms of seasonal allergies, often caused by pollen, mold spores, and other airborne allergens, primarily affect the nose, eyes, and throat. They include:

• Sneezing
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Itchy, watery, red eyes
• Itching of the nose, roof of the mouth, or throat
• Cough
• Postnasal drip, which can lead to a sore throat
• Fatigue, often due to poor quality sleep from symptoms
• Swelling around the eyes

Food Allergies

Food allergy symptoms can range from mild to severe and can affect the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and in severe cases, the cardiovascular system. They may include:

• Hives (red, itchy bumps on the skin)
• Itchy or tingling sensations in the mouth
• Swelling of the lips, tongue, face, or throat
• Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting
• Nasal congestion or a runny nose
• Anaphylaxis, a severe, potentially life-threatening reaction that can impair breathing, cause a dramatic drop in blood pressure, and affect heart rate. It requires immediate medical attention.

Common Points

Both types of allergies can lead to symptoms that disrupt daily life, though the mechanisms and triggers differ. Seasonal allergies tend to recur at the same time each year and primarily affect the respiratory system. In contrast, food allergies can occur at any time of the year when the person is exposed to the allergen and can affect multiple systems in the body.

It’s important for individuals with allergies to identify their triggers and manage their symptoms effectively, often with the help of medications like antihistamines, decongestants, and by avoiding known food allergens and carrying emergency medication like epinephrine auto-injectors for food allergies.

Herbs and supplements can be beneficial for managing allergies by supporting the immune system, reducing inflammation, and alleviating symptoms. While they are not a substitute for medical treatment, especially in severe cases, they can be a complementary approach. Here are some commonly recommended herbs and supplements for allergies:

Quercetin: Quercetin is a natural plant flavonoid found in many fruits, vegetables, and grains. It’s known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Quercetin is thought to help reduce allergy symptoms by inhibiting histamine release from mast cells.

Bromelain: Found in pineapple, bromelain is an enzyme that can help reduce nasal swelling and thin mucus, making it easier to breathe. It’s often recommended for sinusitis, which can accompany allergies.

Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica): Stinging nettle has been used traditionally for various conditions, including allergies. It’s believed to act as a natural antihistamine, helping to alleviate symptoms like sneezing and itchy, watery eyes.

Butterbur (Petasites hybridus): Some studies suggest that butterbur can be as effective as antihistamine drugs for relieving nasal symptoms of allergies without the drowsy side effects. However, it’s important to use a pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs)-free product to avoid liver toxicity.

Vitamin C: As a natural antihistamine, vitamin C can help lower histamine levels in the bloodstream and decrease the severity of allergic reactions. It’s also an immune system booster and a powerful antioxidant.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Found in fish oil and flaxseed oil, omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce the symptoms of allergic reactions.

Probiotics: These beneficial bacteria are thought to contribute to a healthy gut microbiome, which can influence immune function and potentially reduce allergy symptoms. Probiotics can be found in supplements and fermented foods.

Spirulina: A type of blue-green algae, spirulina has been studied for its potential to reduce allergy symptoms, particularly allergic rhinitis, by reducing nasal discharge, sneezing, nasal congestion, and itching.

Vitamin D: Some research suggests that low vitamin D levels may be associated with an increased risk of allergies. Supplementing with vitamin D might help improve immune response and reduce allergy symptoms.

Magnesium: Magnesium is known for its anti-inflammatory properties. It can also act as a bronchodilator, helping to open up the airways and ease breathing in people with allergic asthma.